Ecstacy |
12) Ecstacy
The "designer" drug known as ecstasy is also known by the
chemical abbreviation "MDMA." Ecstasy addiction is only one of the problems
experienced by the use of "ecstasy." Ecstasy users experience problems similar
to those experienced by amphetamine and cocaine users.
Psychological effects from MDMA use can include: confusion,
depression, sleep problems, anxiety, and paranoia during, and sometimes weeks
later. Muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision,
faintness, and chills or sweating are physical effects of using ecstasy. People
with circulatory or heart disease are at a high risk because of increases in
heart rate and blood pressure.
Large, all-night dance parties known as "raves" have reported
MDMA related fatalities. Ecstasy use has reported an escalation among college
students and young adults that have begun attending these gatherings in recent
years. Dehydration, huperthermia, and heart or kidney failure are a result of
the ecstasy user combining hot and crowded conditions with the stimulating
effects from ecstasy.
Use
of MDMA is a common cause of memory problems in humans. MDMA (ecstasy) can be
the cause of long-term brain injury. The Journal of Neuroscience reported
research findings stating that, brain areas that are critical for thought and
memory can quite possibly result in long-lasting damage from use of ecstasy.
People that take MDMA, even just a few times, are at risk of
long-term and possibly even permanent, problems with cognitive learning and
retention. Findings by a John Hopkins Research Team gives validation to results
of previous research in which humans that had taken MDMA scored lower on memory
tests. The brains integration of information and emotion depends on the
serotonin system which consist of MDMA.
Nerve cells that use the chemical serotonin to communicate with
other neurons are the ones damaged by the use of MDMA. Brain imaging research
conducted in human MDMA users showed extensive damage to serotonin neurons.
Euphoria and increased alertness are effects from ecstasy that
are similar to those of cocaine and amphetamine. This is caused from the
stimulant effect of MDMA. For young people attending raves the drug of choice
since the 1980's is ecstasy.
Evidence of chronic use of MDMA reveals it causes a direct
connection to brain damage in people. MDMA was found to harm neurons that
release serotonin, a brain chemical that plays an important role in regulating
memory and other functions. In some cases of heavy MDMA use memory problems
persist for two weeks after use has stopped. The extent of damage is directly
correlated with the amount of MDMA used.
There are functional consequences to the changes in the brain
caused from the use of MDMA. For young people attending these raves, which
continue to be popular around the nation, this message is of a particular
importance.
To
help answer that question, a team of researches from John Hopkins and the
National Institute of Mental Health conducted an imaging study to assess the
effects of chronic ecstasy use on the memory. Several standardized memory test
were administered to 24 MDMA users that had not used the drug for at least two
weeks and then 24 people that had never used the drug. In both groups age,
gender, education and vocabulary scores were matched
equally.
The
results showed that, heavy ecstasy users compared to nonusers had dramatic
impairment in visual and verbal memory. The study proved that the harmful
effects of MDMA were related to the dosage amount and the frequency of use. The
people that used the drug had greater difficulty in recalling what they had
seen and heard during testing.
Other cognitive functions besides memory, such as the ability
to reason verbally or sustain attention can be impaired from ecstasy use. The
effects of chronic ecstasy use on other functions in which serotonin has been
implicated, such as mood, impulse control and sleep cycles are being researched
in a more in-depth process. The length of time that brain damage exists and the
long term consequences of that damage are other questions researchers are
trying to answer. Studies involving animals that first documented neurotoxic
serotonin neurons in humans may last for many years and could be permanent.
We
have learned through research using monkeys that brain damage is still present
seven years after suspending use of the drug. The question of whether or not we
are dealing with such long-lasting effects in people does not have a definite
answer but looks probable.
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